Engine testing is an essential feature of the development phase of aircraft engines. Without experimentation and testing, there would be no concrete, empirical evidence of engineering designs in terms of form, mechanics and performance.
This is certainly true for the Advanced Turboprop (ATP), the clean-sheet engine for GE’s Business & General Aviation division (BGA), designed and produced in Europe, to power the Textron Aviation’s new Cessna Denali. In record time, the ATP is now very close to its first complete engine test, following experimental tests on its singular components, which have involved GE Aviation engineers in Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic and Italy over the last few months and throughout 2016.
In particular, Avio Aero’s engineers have been working hard since 2015 on the modules they are responsible for: the engine systems (including controls and software), the combustion system and both the power and accessory control boxes. All key components that feature high levels of innovation.
This is the case for the control and software systems that make the ATP the first “digital native” aircraft engine. The system, designed by Avio Aero engineers, is the first “Single Power Control Lever and Integrated Full Authority Digital Engine Propeller Control” (FADEPC) ever made for a turboprop engine. “We started testing the control software for the very first time last April” explained Simone Castellani, ATP Controls, Fuel and Propeller Systems Engineer Manager at Avio Aero. During FETT (First Engine to Test), in the test room of the GE Aviation plant in Prague where the first Advanced Turboprop has been assembled, Avio Aero engineers will finally be able to see the components they have designed and planned in operation for the first time.
“Since November we finally have a real Wet Rig, or rather the test rig we use to test the engine brain with the real ATP components. ” It is this device (the FADEPC) mounted on the ATP that makes it a digital native engine, fully integrated thanks to an advanced system of sensors, cables and pipes that manage flows (of air, oil and fuel) by means of electrical and mechanically powered pulses from the power gearbox and the accessory gearbox. This complex system allows the intelligent control of propeller pitch, air in the compressor and fuel flow. Using just one command lever.
“The Wet Rig verifies that the control system's ability to program and manage oil, fuel and air flows - from and to the engine - is reliable, accurate and in line with what we have designed,” continues Castellani.
Cristian Lai leads the team that has developed the electronic control part and the ATP Wet Rig software in Brindisi, and to help understand this complex system, he explains: “we can test the operation of the entire engine system at any operating speed. The fuel used in testing is not burned, but recirculated around the system. The engine is electronically simulated in real time by an advanced computer, programmed and developed by our team. The simulator interacts with the FADEPC, which, in the test rooms, monitors and controls the various sensors and actuators, translating electrical inputs into electrical and mechanical outputs that regulate the propeller pitch, the flow of fuel and air at each stage of flight and under each atmospheric condition, recreated for real on the test bench.”
Real components, simulated environment. The power gearbox (PGB) and the accessory gearbox (AGB) are produced by Avio Aero and, among other things, the first is produced using additive manufacturing. “It’s the first time that the housing (the casing that encloses the two reduction stages in the gearbox), classified as a critical component, has been 3D printed by laser melting using a metal alloy powder that allows us to make thin, and therefore lightweight, parts” says Fabrizio Bussi, Gearbox Module Leader Systems Engineering. The power transmission housing is among the now famous 12 additive parts mounted on the ATP. In this case, the revolutionary production technique has integrated about ten traditionally manufactured parts into one single part through additive manufacturing.
The Wet Rig was built in just nine months not far from the Avio Aero plant in Brindisi, which will produce some additive ATP parts from 2018, including the power transmission housing, with new Concept Laser 3D printing machines.
Giuseppe Giliberti, Project Manager of the Wet Rig and ATP Controls & Accessories Ops Leader, works in the Bari laboratory: “Wet Rig is a very complex facility that has allowed us to test these innovative electronic engine control systems before the FETT. This is crucial because it minimizes the risks of the first test and provides a whole host of functional information about the real engine that we can share with the rest of GE’s European teams during testing.”
Talking with the engineers working on the ATP makes you realize how GE Aviation’s cooperation network in Europe is brilliantly evolving in terms of operations. But for the Wet Rig, cooperation with those who built the facility in Brindisi was also critical, in an area where tests were previously carried out for the GE90 engine. “We have completely dismantled the building and worked with Avio Aero’s engineers to build what we needed: a virtual version of the entire engine, including real components, to test its performance in all flying conditions, combining the pilot’s input with current atmospheric conditions at different altitudes” explains Alessandro De Grassi, Technical Lead at Loccioni.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gI_gfzAJVAQ
The plant built by the Italian company, which has already worked on other test beds for Avio Aero, comprises 2 rooms of around 35m2 (in which the two real transmissions are tested), and a large control room, at the center of which is the command console, with a start button and a throttle. Just as you would expect to find on a real aircraft for test flights or in a testing room for an entire engine. “The Wet Rig allows real and simulated engine parts to function by integrating mechanical and hydraulic structures, with the software system sending commands and collecting data in real time” continues Claudio Ligorio, Fleet Management System Engineering at Avio Aero.
“As well as all that, it gives us the only facility in the world that can optimize the ATP and any other turboprop engine for which we design the entire control system.”
The combustor is one of the ATP modules subjected to important testing campaigns, and designed and produced by Avio Aero, as well as the first to make extensive use of additive manufacturing. It also has an unconventional configuration, known as ‘reverse flow’. “The combustion chamber is ‘S’ shaped, which is a first for GE” says Massimo Giambra, Combustor Module Leader Systems Engineering. “This architecture is able to reduce consumption, make the engine more lightweight, increase reliability and enable better performance.”
The combustion chamber was tested in Pomigliano d’Arco in seven different configurations. “We planned and conducted thermo-fluid dynamic tests simulating high and medium pressure, and even sub-atmospheric conditions, testing engine performance at each operating phase: ignition, cruising, take-off and landing.” Francesco Gaudino is one of the most accredited figures when it comes to testing aircraft engines. He manages the Avio Aero team in Pomigliano, which works in the huge engine room at the Neapolitan site, where the GEnx is tested.
“Seven configurations on three different test benches, around two hundred hours of testing overall conducted in just one and a half years” adds Gaudino, “managing to reproduce extreme conditions in terms of temperature and pressure, such as sub-atmospheric conditions, where the combuster will have to work at 8-thousand-meter altitude in flight. The air current crossing the combuster is so cold it reaches temperatures of -35° (Ed. in Brindisi simulated temperatures went down as low as -50°), and we must ensure that the combustor fulfills its duty.”
Talking to ATP engineers, the impression one gets is that they cannot wait to ignite the entire engine as well.
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